General Studies in Instructional Systems

The content here refers to "e-learning content," which is used in learning through the use of information and communication technology (ICT) and is the object of learning.

Now, needless to say, PlanDoSee (PDS) is the basis of systemic development. As a model for educational activities and content development methods, the ADDIE model, which proposed PDS according to the Instructional Design (ID) process, is probably the most famous [1]. The development of the project is a steady process of connection. However, it is also true that each process needs to be carried out steadily, and therefore a reasonable amount of time is required for development.

ADDIE model (Suzuki (2005) Fig.1)

In recent years, Rapid Prototyping, which has been used in software development, has been widely adopted in content development where time is becoming a top priority, such as the three-step approach method by Allen [2]. Prototyping is the same as the ADDIE model of the five processes. The difference between the former method of steadily proceeding with each of the five processes and the latter method of conducting DDEs on an occasional basis and repeating them several times is that the time is reduced while maintaining the level of completion.

3段階連続接近法:Allenモデル (Suzuki (2005) Fig.2)

In recent years, object-oriented development has become more and more common in the field of content development, just as it is in the field of software development. The advantage of this approach is that we can develop and modify objects by defining units (things) that perform certain behaviors (data and methods) and have relationships with other objects (properties), and then combining them in a flexible way. Representations of Learning Objects (LOs) include IEEE's Learning Object Metadata (LOM) and SCO in the Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) [3].

The spread of the e-learning 2.0 concept with the development of Web 2.0 and related ICT will promote the trend of content mash-up [4]. In the e-learning 2.0 era, where pull-type learning by learners themselves is the main focus and content mashups are promoted, the sharing of quality-assured content, or LOs, is expected to become even more important in the future.

Go through the assigned paper and list what you have learned and what you wondered about the next generation of content and content development. Conduct a survey of your doubts and report your findings. There are three headings: What you found out, What you wondered about, and What you found out. Also include discussion and source information in the Findings section.

Required reading

[1]

• Introduction to Instructional Design
  http://itle.okstate.edu/fd/online_teaching/intro_to_id.html
• ADDIE Model, Learning-Theories.com
  http://www.learning-theories.com/addie-model.html

[2]

• Allen, M. W., (2003), Designing Successful e-Learning: Forget What You Know About Instructional Design and Do Something Interesting, Pfeiffer & Company
• Allen, M. W., (2006), Creating Successful e-Learning: A Rapid System for Getting It Right First Time, Every Time, Pfeiffer & Company
• Rapid Prototyeping, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_prototyping

[3]

• Getting Object-Oriented Right(in Japanese)
  http://itpro.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/COLUMN/20060921/248617/
• You can always understand Object-Orientation in 5 minutes.(in Japanese)
  http://www.atmarkit.co.jp/im/carc/special/fiveoo/00.html
• Holzinger, A., Smolle, J., & Reibnegger, G., (2005), Learning Objects(LO): an Object-Oriented Approach to Manage e-Learning Content, Encyclopedia of Informatics in Healthcare & Biomedicine, pp.89-98, Lazakidou, A. Ed., Hershey, PA, ( http://user.meduni-graz.at/andreas.holzinger/holzinger/papers%20en/E06%20Learning%20Objects.pdf )
• IEEE LOM, IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee, http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/